Distant Pluto Comes To Life

Pluto is not dead. That's the bottom line, according to new research published in the journal Science. The dwarf planet is home to mountains, glaciers and a hazy atmosphere that stretches for a hundred miles above the surface.

"It is this really active dynamic world," says Cathy Olkin, the deputy project scientist of NASA's New Horizons mission, which flew past Pluto on July 14.

Even though the spacecraft whizzed past Pluto months ago, new results are still coming back. That's because data flows at a trickle over the more than 3 billion-mile chasm between New Horizons and Earth. "It is way slower than an old dial-up connection," Olkin says. 

The newly published results provide an official radius for Pluto of 1,187 kilometers (smaller than Earth's moon). Olkin says the research also shows that the large, heart-shaped feature on Pluto's southern hemisphere is a glacier made of carbon monoxide ice.

Pluto also has a nitrogen atmosphere mixed with different hydrocarbon molecules. "There's widespread haze to a really high altitude, like a hundred miles above the surface," Olkin says.

Researchers still want to learn why Pluto is so active. One possibility is that the dwarf planet has some sort of heat source deep within its core that causes glaciers to form and mountains to erupt from the surface.

But Michael Brown, an astronomer from Caltech not associated with the work, says other possibilities should be considered. "They have yet to demonstrate that internal heat is required for any of the features seen on Pluto," he says. For example, it could be that the ices on the surface move around and change the landscape.

Either way, Brown says, this look at Pluto is incredibly valuable. Astronomers now know that it is one of a whole class of "dwarf planets" lurking at the edge of our solar system.

"By looking at Pluto, we learn about the many many other things like it in the outer solar system," Brown says. "That's the reason why I am super excited about this." npr

Tattoos: Telling Stories in the Flesh. Q&A with Lars Krutak

Q: What is the earliest evidence of tattoos?

Krutak: The most ancient evidence of human tattooing is found on the mummified corpse of the 5,300-year-old Neolithic Iceman who was discovered in the Alps in 1991. The Iceman has a total of 61 tattoos—short lines etched in groups on his lower back and ankles, four lines on the torso above the gall bladder, a cross behind his right knee and two rings around his left wrist.

Interestingly, approximately 80 percent of the Iceman’s tattoos overlap with classical acupuncture points used to treat rheumatism, a medical condition that plagued him. Other tattoos were found to be located on or near acupuncture meridians.

Q: Were these early tattoos purely decorative? Did they serve another purpose?

Krutak: A common myth that continues to be perpetuated in popular and academic peer-reviewed publications is that tribal tattoos were ornamental. Some indigenous peoples did receive tattoos to enhance their physical appearance, but this practice was the exception rather than the rule. Most tattoos identified tribal designation, related the social accomplishments of the individuals who wore them or functioned as medicinal therapy or as apotropaic [evil-repelling] symbols. In short, I see body marking as a kind of biographical language.

Q: What are some traditional methods of tattooing practiced around the world?

Krutak: Skin-stitching or needle-and-thread tattooing was a technique used across the Arctic and Native North America. Hand-poking, where the design is poked into the skin with a sharp pigment-tipped needle, was a more common method of tattoo application. Today, hand-poked tattoos continue to be given across Indochina and Japan.

Hand-tapping is perhaps the most ubiquitous traditional technique and indigenous to Oceania, Southeast Asia, and parts of Melanesia (e.g., Papua New Guinea). In some regions of Africa, North America, and Asia, the method of scar tattooing was employed. Here, skin incisions were made with a lancet (obsidian, iron, etc.) and the tattooing pigment was immediately rubbed into the open wounds.

I would also characterize hand-pricking as yet another tattooing technique. Simple needles, usually two in number obtained from cactus or palm-tree spines, were wound together with cotton thread to prick the skin. The small space between the needle tips acted as a reservoir that held the liquid tattoo pigment in place. However, the needles had to be dabbed into the pigment after a few pricks had been made to keep this reservoir full. This technique was employed in the Middle East, Balkans, Amazon and other regions of South America, Northwest Mexico and the American Southwest.

There is a very rare technique that I call “hand-hammering” that might be ancestral to hand-tapping. It is found only in a small region of Northeast India among the Konyak and Wancho Naga. Female technicians fashioned an adze-like tool with a row of bush thorns and basically hammered the needles into the skin.

However, today, the majority of tattoos are created by an electric tattoo machine.

Q: In your latest book Tattoo Traditions of Native North America, you explore the tattoo culture of indigenous tribes of North America. What surprised you in your research?

Krutak: That nearly every culture indigenous to North America practiced some form of tattooing, and in many cases it had a perceived therapeutic value.

smithsonianscience.si.edu

Sexual Harassment Case Shines Light On Science's Dark Secret

A sexual harassment case is sending shock waves through the scientific community this week, and raising questions nationwide about how common sexual harassment is in science and why so little is typically done to stop it.

A six-month investigation by the University of California, Berkeley concluded in June that a faculty member, renowned astronomer Geoffrey Marcy, violated multiple sexual harassment policies over the course of a decade.

Marcy has been a leader in the hunt for Earth-like planets beyond our solar system, was head of a $100 million project aimed at finding life on other planets, and has often been touted as a possible candidate for the Nobel Prize.

But he resigned Wednesday after a number of faculty members and students in his department publicly released letters condemning his inappropriate behavior with students, and the university's inadequate response in dealing with it.

The school had kept its investigation private — even from its own faculty — until the online news outlet BuzzFeed broke the story last week.

Aside from confirming that "Marcy violated campus sexual harassment policy," the university released no details about what the investigation found. But according to BuzzFeed, the report concluded that Marcy's offensive behavior included unwanted massages, kissing and groping of at least four students, from 2001 to 2010.

One of these students was Sarah Ballard, now a postdoctoral fellow in astronomy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She first met Marcy a decade ago when she was an undergraduate at Berkeley. He taught her astronomy class and showed special interest in her career, she tells NPR.

"To have a really renowned scientist praise you — and praise your ability — you can imagine, was really encouraging to me," she says.

At first, she and Marcy met a few times at cafes around campus, where they talked about astronomy and her career. But sometimes, she says, the conversation became too personal. He talked about when he was young and about having sex with a former girlfriend.

Then one day, Marcy gave Ballard a ride home. He parked the car by her house. "The fact that we were in the car together suddenly made me feel really uncomfortable," she says. "I think I really realized that the tenor of the mood was really wrong."

As Ballard started to get out of the car, the professor "reached over and was rubbing the back of my neck," she says. She left the car — and stopped getting together with Marcy outside of class.

Ballard says she was afraid to report Marcy. She didn't want to hurt her chances of going to graduate school. It's a common and very real conundrum for many women hoping to pursue university research careers, says Katie Hinde, a biologist at Arizona State University.

"Academia has a particular climate that allows sexual harassment, sexual assault and sexual abuses to persist," Hinde tells NPR. Last year, she co-authored one of the few studies aimed at figuring out how common sexual harassment is in science.

Hinde and her colleagues surveyed roughly 500 women doing fieldwork in a range of scientific disciplines. Seventy percent of those women told the researchers they had experienced sexual harassment, often from their mentors or supervisors — "people who had power over their career, who had power over their research," Hinde says.

In science, letters of recommendation from mentors are particularly crucial to obtaining a coveted faculty position, Hinde says. When a mentor sexually harasses or assaults a woman, it backs her into a corner: She can either report the offense, and possibly hurt her career. Or she can try to ignore it.

In fact, most harassment is never reported, says Heather Metcalf, research director of the Association for Women in Science.

Women are often told to keep quiet about lewd comments, touching and leering, she says. "There is a bit of a norm for those behaviors to sort of be brushed off, rather than be taken seriously."

An incident last summer involving the prestigious journal Science shows how common this attitude is, Metcalf says. A young female scientist wrote to the journal's advice column, asking what she should do about a situation in the lab where she worked.

"She was really enjoying the scientific work she was doing, but she was feeling really uncomfortable because she kept catching her supervisor trying to take a peek down her blouse," Metcalf says.

The magazine columnist essentially advised the woman to say nothing — to turn a blind eye, Metcalf says. Science eventually retracted the column.

But the culture of keeping silent about sexual harassment continues.

In Marcy's case, it took years of complaints before the university took up its investigation. Then it disciplined him privately.

The university, which declined an interview with NPR, confirmed in a written statement that Marcy was told to follow strict behavior guidelines or "be immediately subject to sanctions that could include suspension or dismissal." This agreement was the "most certain and effective option for preventing any inappropriate future conduct," according to the statement.

Michael Eisen, a molecular biologist at Berkeley, disagrees.

"In essence the university convicted him," Eisen says, "and what was so stunning to me was that Marcy got, at best, something you would describe as a slap on the wrist."

By not punishing him, Eisen says, "they're all but ensuring this kind of behavior is going to continue from others. Basically they're saying there are no consequences for this type of behavior."

In the days since the news got out, many scientists have demanded consequences.

Thousands of scientists have signed an online petition supporting the women Marcy harassed. And 24 faculty members in the department of astronomy at Berkeley signed and released a letter Monday that said, in part, "we believe that Geoff Marcy cannot perform the functions of a faculty member."

Marcy hasn't responded to NPR's request for an interview. He denies some of the allegations, but prior to his resignation, and to the publication of the BuzzFeed story, he posted a public apology "for mistakes I've made" on his faculty website.

Hillary I'm With You poster

 New posters featuring Hillary Clinton seem to be trying to make her "high flying, adored" with voters. The new images appeared at a campaign stop in San Antonio, Texas, where Clinton wooed Latino voters on Thursday. But according to NPR's Tamara Keith, the campaign says they don't know where the likeness came from. Banners were plastered all over the venue along with smaller signs and T-shirts.

One woman at the campaign event had a much different idea to honor Clinton:

twitter

npr

Battling the forces of inequality in Grand Rapids

...Grand Rapids, Michigan, a city largely run by a few billionaire families sharing an entrenched laissez-faire ideology. They want no heavy-handed government policies… unless you're poor or working class.

Thus, the city powers who find it unconscionable to hike taxes on the rich, recently socked low income bus riders with a 17 percent jump in fares. For the 27 percent of people in Grand Rapids who live below the poverty line, that's a serious chunk of change siphoned right out of their pockets.

Then, the board of directors of the city's transit agency slipped a siphon tube into the wallets of their own drivers and mechanics, arbitrarily terminating their pensions. Adding a crude insult to injury, the board simultaneously gave a pay raise to the transit boss – literally stealing from workers to lift the CEO's salary above $200,000 a year.

When the workers, who're members of the Amalgamated Transit Union, began leafleting bus riders to oppose the fare hike and pension theft, the arrogant boss and autocratic board threatened to arrest and fire them!

Luckily, even in Grand Rapids, it's still legal to exercise your First Amendment rights, so the union won an injunction against this repression. Better yet, the attempted siphoning of money and power has rallied community groups, students, bus riders, and others into a grassroots movement to stop widening the inequality gap and start bridging it. jim hightower

Does America Really Need The National Mall?

Just a few weeks ago, the nonprofit Trust for the National Mall staged a music festival — featuring Drake and the Strokes — to benefit the remarkable public space in Washington, D.C., that includes some of America's most recognizable landmarks, including the Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial, Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial and Washington Monument.

The Trust reports that the festival drew an estimated 50,000 people and raised some $570,000 to be used for improving, preserving and restoring the Mall, which is sometimes known as "America's front yard."

Indeed. The National Mall, says Nancy Levinson, editor of Places Journal, "is a remarkable space — one of the greatest public spaces in modern times — and it deserves to be repaired, restored and honored. Just think of its history, of the activism that it's been the setting for, from suffrage marches to the Bonus Army to Marian Anderson to Martin Luther King to the AIDS Quilt to Stewart & Colbert's 'Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear' ... and those are just some of the most famous events."

The bad news, though, is that in many ways the National Mall is a mess. People who know it well — even those who love it — point out its problems. According to the Trust, the Mall is currently up against a maintenance backlog of $400 million and requires an estimated $350 million in necessary upgrades and sustainable improvements.

In the face of such staggering financial needs, the obvious question arises: Does America really need a National Mall anymore?

Cracked And Crumbling

"Frankly, people think of the National Mall as they see it on TV — lush grounds dotted with perfectly polished memorials," the Trust's MacKenzie Babb tells NPR. "Unfortunately, the reality is a far cry from that ideal."

She cites several examples of deliquescence and disrepair:

• In April 2014, a 5-by-3-foot stone toppled from the portico roof of the Jefferson Memorial. "Thankfully," Babb says, "this took place in the early morning hours and no visitors were injured. That said, the stone has yet to be replaced; still today, portions of the memorial remain cordoned off to the public. What could speak more clearly to the need to restore our National Mall than one of our temples to democracy literally crumbling?"

• In Constitution Gardens — the 38-acre area connecting the Vietnam Veterans, World War II and Lincoln memorials — "a large gravel plaza sits empty," Babb says. "Dedicated in 1976 for the nation's bicentennial, the plaza was meant to become home to a building that would offer food, restrooms and recreation to visitors, but before construction could begin, federal funds ran out and the site remains today unused and unknown. Some of the granite walls surrounding the lake have begun to collapse. The concrete-bottomed pond is covered in algae and is responsible for annual fish kills. Many of the trees meant to buffer city noise and create a contemplative atmosphere are instead severely stunted and struggling to survive because of poor soil quality and inadequate drainage. And at the north end of Constitution Gardens, the historic Lockkeeper's House — which oversaw the last lock on the canal that once ran down the center of Washington and remains the oldest building still standing on the National Mall — now sits boarded up and abandoned."

• The U.S. Park Police Horse Stables constructed in 1976 as a temporary structure just south of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool have never been converted to permanence because of budget restraints. "These stables are the home to the horses used daily by our U.S. Park Police Horse Mounted Unit to patrol the National Mall and keep us all safe," Babb says. "Yet the horses that serve to protect our nation's capital are living in stables marked by outdated machinery, rusted and unsafe doorways, poor ventilation, flood-inducing drainage, and insufficient turnout space."

• Throughout the park, she says, "basic visitor amenities such as restrooms and food options are hard to find — making it difficult for families with young children to spend a day in the park. Cracked and flooded sidewalks are impassable to some of our visitors in wheelchairs."

Too Much Love

How did the Mall reach this sad state of affairs?

Imagined in the 1790s by urban planner Pierre L'Enfant — as a gigundo public gathering point for a new nation — the National Mall today attracts an estimated 29 million visits each year. That's more than the Grand Canyon, Yellowstone and Yosemite national parks and the Statue of Liberty combined.

Factor in stagnated federal funding, which has not kept pace with the needs of the Mall, according to MacKenzie Babb, "and you're left with a park that has quite simply been loved to death. Moreover, unlike many of America's other national parks, the National Mall charges no admission fee — rather, it is a uniquely inclusive and open space that welcomes all to learn, pay tribute to and participate in the American story."

The Trust for the National Mall wants to keep it free. And for years now, the group has been seeking funds.

Common Ground

But in this age of social media and virtual meetings and online protests, why do we need a large public space for people to physically gather?

"The National Mall is a uniquely American space where we are invited to speak truth to power without fear of persecution," says Babb. "It's where women fought for the right to vote, protesters marched to end the Vietnam War, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. shared a dream that sparked a new American reality."

She adds: "As much value as online platforms can provide, there are few things so powerful as coming together on our country's common ground to make your voice heard. That's probably why even in today's Digital Age, roughly 3,000 events are permitted to take place on the National Mall each year. People travel from across the country and around the world to the National Mall, using the grounds where American history is remembered to make history of their own."

Nancy Levinson of Places Journal agrees. "Digital media," she says, "aren't in any important ways replacing physical public spaces. We know that all the rallies listed above happened not just because their organizers were passionate about a cause but also because the Mall exists as an actual, physical, photographable place — the ultimate place — to bring a cause to national attention. With the Mall as a destination, you can mobilize thousands for an event that might make history."

Perhaps we do need such a public arena, but can we afford it? "At urban design conferences it's become the familiar cry: There's no money for public works," Levinson says. "But the U.S. is a very rich country, and the money's there; we just need — once again — to tax for it. ...   npr

Why Do European Zoos Kill Healthy Animals?

On Thursday, the Odense Zoo in Denmark is scheduled to dissect a lion for the educational benefit of children on school holidays.

The 9-month-old female lion was considered "surplus." Officials at Odense said they had too many female lions. And they also were concerned about inbreeding, according to reports. The lion was offered to other zoos, but when no takers were found she was killed and stored in a freezer earlier this year.

The zoo has been dissecting animals in front of guests for 20 years. The zoo's killing and dissection of this lion has outraged some, especially in the U.S. It's cumulative anger, because last year the Copenhagen Zoo carried out a similar double play — killing a healthy animal, Marius the giraffe, with a bolt gun then dissecting the body in front of schoolchildren and feeding the remains to its lions. At that time, Copenhagen Zoo Scientific Director Bengt Holst came under widespread fire outside Denmark;petitions called for his resignation.

But it's not just Denmark. The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA)issued a statement on Tuesday supporting the Odense Zoo's plan. The statement notes that "culling of animals is one of a range of scientifically valid solutions to the long term genetic and demographic sustainability of animal populations in human care." It goes on to say that the dissection "for educational purposes is a valid choice of the zoo."

According to the BBC, between 3,000 and 5,000 healthy zoo animals are killed in Europe every year.

Here in the U.S., the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) says flatly that incidents of killing healthy surplus animals "do not happen at AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums." The whole thrust of captive management in this country centers around birth control.

Certainly, I can't picture elementary school children gathered at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park or the San Diego Zoo to observe as an animal, once put on display to delight them, is taken apart joint-by-joint for their anatomical enlightenment.

A yawning cultural gap clearly exists in the European and American visions for the role of zoos in captive management of animals.

Earlier this week, I contacted the Copenhagen Zoo to ask Bengt Holst for his views on the Odense Zoo controversy. Told that Holst is traveling for business, I was directed to a page from the zoo's web site that he wrote. Key passages, which I excerpt here, explain that European zoos focus on the health of populations rather than of individual animals:

"When an animal's genes are well represented in the breeding programme and there is no place for the animal in another zoo, the European Breeding Programme has agreed that the animal is to be euthanized.

We see this as a positive sign and as insurance that we in the future will have a healthy animal population in European zoos. The most important factor must be that the animals are healthy physically and behaviourally and that they have a good life whilst they are living whether this life is long or short. This is something Copenhagen Zoo believes strongly in."

Why not administer birth control in order to achieve this same end, healthy animal populations? Holst continues:

"In Copenhagen Zoo we let the animals breed naturally. With naturally we mean that they will get young within the same intervals as they would in the wild. That means that the animals get to carry out their natural behaviours."

I'm struck by the terrible irony represented here: Zoos like this enclose animals in captivity, allow them to practice "natural behavior" of mating and reproduction, then slaughter them when they are no longer viewed as helpful to the project of coaxing visitors through the gates.

In a televised interview from last year, Holst talks about the killing and dissection of Marius the giraffe, defending the "natural" act of feeding Marius's body to lions. "Why protect schoolchildren from real life?" he asks.

But listen to the very first answer Holst offers to the interviewer. It is revealing: Children weren't invited to attend the slaughter of Marius because "when looked upon, the killing can be pretty cruel."

Zoos are entrusted to care for animals. There is no place in zoos — there should be no place, despite differences in cultural attitudes — for cruelty. npr

paddling caladesi island

art with boulders (really cobbles and pebbles)

track hurricane Joaquin with the USGS

interactive features updated daily.

http://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/

Shell Oil Abandons Controversial Drilling Off Alaska's Shore

Citing a lack of enough oil to make the project worthwhile, Royal Dutch Shell Oil is halting its effort to drill for oil off Alaska's shore "for the foreseeable future." The company has spent some $7 billion on the exploration project.

Shell announced the move late Sunday, describing what the company called "a clearly disappointing exploration outcome" in the Chukchi Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean. The project, which had been halted in 2012 over safety concerns, was resumed this year after getting federal approval in May.

From Alaska Public Media, Rachel Waldholz reports:

"Shell was able to drill just one exploratory well this summer, off Alaska's northern coast. And the results were disappointing. In a statement the company reported that it had 'found indications of oil and gas' — but not enough to continue exploration at the site.

"The company said the decision to end offshore exploration in Alaska reflected those results and the project's high costs — but also what it called a 'challenging and unpredictable federal regulatory environment.'

"The project had drawn major protests from environmental groups, who worried drilling would impact marine mammals and that an oil spill in the arctic would be impossible to clean up.

"The announcement came the day before a key deadline — Shell had to be out of oil-bearing rocks by Monday, Sept 28. The company must now move its two drilling rigs and dozens of support vessels out of the Arctic before winter sea ice returns."

In its statement, Shell says that the Burger J well, which had been drilled to a depth of 6,800 feet, will now be sealed and abandoned.

The oil company also said that the Chukchi Sea, where it holds rights to many oil exploration areas, "remains substantially under-explored" and has the potential to be "of strategic importance to Alaska and the U.S."npr

Scientists Confirm There's Water In The Dark Streaks On Mars

For several years, a satellite orbiting Mars has seen streaks flowing from Martian mountains during warm periods on the surface. Scientists have now confirmed that water is involved.

Scientists have caught Mars crying salty tears.

Photos from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show dark streaks flowing down Martian slopes. The streaks appear in sunny spots or when the weather is warm, and they fade when the temperature drops.

Water was suspected to be involved, but now scientists have confirmed its presence. The new analysis, published in Nature Geoscience, shows salts mixed with water when the streaks are darkest. The water disappears when the streaks lighten.

Streaks a few hundred feet in length appear on the walls of Garni crater on Mars. Scientists suspect they are formed by the flow of briny, liquid water on Mars.

"It's only when these streaks are biggest and widest that we see evidence for molecular water," says Lujendra Ojha, a graduate student at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Ojha cautions this isn't the same as streams trickling downhill on Earth. Standing on the streaks would be like standing on a hot beach on Earth and dribbling a little water out of a drinking bottle. "You would just see a hint of wetness," he says.

The lines appear on slopes with exposure to sunlight. Researchers now believe that the warm sun may cause water to begin flowing.

Ojha says the water could be important for future exploration of Mars. It might be that astronauts could one day use it for everything from drinking water to rocket fuel, but that depends on how much there is.

The water could be coming from a subsurface reservoir, but that's not the only option, Ojha says. Ice, or even moisture in the atmosphere, could also be causing the streaks.

"We're not entirely sure what the source of the water may be," he says. npr

More images available at nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/28/science/space/mars-nasa-flowing-water.html

vinegar pickles reef eaters- crown of thorns starfish

James Cook University (JCU) scientists have made a breakthrough in the war against Crown of Thorns Starfish (CoTS). A new paper shows injecting the coral-eating pest with simple household vinegar kills it just as effectively as the current drug, which can be expensive and difficult to source.

Lead author Lisa Boström-Einarsson said vinegar had been tried unsuccessfully before, but JCU scientists refined the process which resulted in a 100% kill rate. The animals are breeding at epidemic levels and are one of the primary reasons for the decline in live coral.

Ms Boström-Einarsson said the findings were exciting. “Currently divers use 10 or 12 ml of ox-bile to kill each CoTS. It’s expensive, requires permits and has to be mixed to the right concentration. We used 20 ml of vinegar, which is half the price and can be bought off the shelf at any local supermarket.”

The CoTS in the JCU trial were all dead within 48 hours of being injected.

Ms Boström-Einarsson said the dead CoTS were fed on by fish in the lab trials with no ill-effect, but this needed to be backed up by large-scale field trials to be sure the process is totally safe for other marine life. “There’s no reason to think it won’t work or it’ll be dangerous, but we have to be sure,” she said.

She said the findings could have big implications for developing countries without the means to acquire and use the current drugs.

Scientists say while the process may greatly help slow down the CoTS outbreak, killing the starfish individually was never going to save coral reefs by itself.

“It has been estimated there are between 4 and 12 million of the starfish on the Great Barrier Reef alone and each female produce around 65 million eggs in a single breeding season. They managed to kill around 350 000 last year with two full-time boat crews. While it would take an insane effort to cull them all that way, we know that sustained efforts can save individual reefs,” Ms Boström-Einarsson said.

She said other researchers were working on population-level controls of the animal, but killing the starfish one-by-one was the only method available at the moment.

Sea trials of the vinegar method will begin by the end of the year. This project was funded by the Ian Potter Foundation 50th Anniversary Commemorative Grants Scheme and the Australian Museum’s Lizard Island Research Station. ecomagazine.com

For more information, click here.